Crystal properties slideshare. 895 g/cm3 (heptahydrate) Solubility: soluble in water.

Crystal properties slideshare The word Ceramic is derived from the Greek word “keramos”, which literally means ‘burnt stuff’, but which has come to mean more specifically a material produced by burning or firing. Differences b/n CS and AS Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solids 1. How to find crystal structure: • X-Ray Diffraction Dielectric property There are some properties inherent to dielectric materials like ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, electrostriction, and pyroelectricity. Metals in general composed of many crystal grains, controlling the size of these grains and doing nanoscale manipulation to The document discusses the properties and uses of various metals. The surroundings of particles in the structure are uniform, and the attractive 3. Wood preservative: Chromate(VI) copper arsenate(CCA) used in timber treatment. 09 g/mol RTECS Number FF9335000 Refractive 1. Properties of Monosaccharides Colour – Monosaccharides are colourless Shape – They are crystalline compounds Solubility – They are readily soluble in water Taste – They have sweet taste Optical activity – They are optically active. • By "magnetic properties" we mean not only whether a material will make a good bar magnet, but whether it will be attracted or repelled by a magnet. 273 views • 4 slides. Liquid crystals have properties between liquids and crystalline solids. The symmetry elements of any physical property of a crystal must include all the symmetry elements of the point group of the crystal, The point group K of the crystal must be a subgroup What are the properties of minerals? How do we identify minerals? Most are compounds, especially the silicate group (Si, O). Liquid crystal SB • 3 likes • 2,730 views. Co-crystals are characterized using techniques like infrared spectroscopy, X Properties change • All kinds of point defects distort the crystal lattice and have a certain influence on the physical properties. onlinemetallurgy. X ray diffraction. Crystal growth – theory • Initially form a nucleus – this is highly dependent upon the presence of • impurities and vessel surfaces • Growth of nucleus – growth depends upon the presence of low • energy surface sites such as steps – low energy faces grow fastest – presence of additives in solution may alter • relative rates for different faces SIGNIFICANCE OF CRYSTAL DEFECTS The presence of defects which affect the colour can make these crystals valuable as Gems as in Ruby (Cr replacing a small fraction of the Al in Al2O3) Silicon crystals are doped with Nitrogen group of elements P and As or Boron Group of elements B, Al, etc. It dyes wool, silk and tannin mordanted cotton fibre. Crystal habit – outer appearance of a crystal Internal structure – molecular arrangement within the solid. Crystal Field Theory explains the colors of Liquid Crystals (LC) – matter in a state that has properties between those of conventional liquid and those of the solid crystals 5. The 7. Point groups describe the symmetry operations like rotation, reflection, 7. Y. LCDs You probably use items containing an LCD (liquid crystal display) every day. From: Nanofiber Composites for Biomedical Applications, 2017. ppt • Download as PPT, PDF • 0 likes • 91 views. The document discusses crystal structures and their properties. Liquid crystal SB - Download as a PDF or view online for free . HISTORY • Photonic crystals have been studied in one form or another since 1887, but no one used the term photonic crystal until over 100 years later after Eli Yablonovitch and Sajeev John published two milestone papers on photonic crystals in 1987. Colligative properties depend only on the number of dissolved particles in solution and not on their 5. Stainless steel: Fe+Cr(11%) Ni alloy: Used in jet engine and gas turbine due to protective and decorative property. BRAGG’S LAW: After few months, In 1913, English physicists Sir William Henry Bragg and his son Sir William Lawrence Bragg developed a relationship to explain why the cleavage faces of crystals appear to reflect X- ray beams at certain angles of incidence (theta, θ). Metal crystal structure and specific metal properties are determined by holding together 2. It defines crystals as solids composed of atoms or molecules 12. This advantage is particularly important for biological C11. Optical properties of nanomaterials - Download as a PDF or view online for free. 87 HCP,BCC22 Tapany Udomphol 5. Crystal growth – theory • Initially form a nucleus – this is highly dependent upon the presence of • impurities and vessel surfaces • Growth of nucleus – growth depends upon the presence of low • energy surface sites such as steps – low energy faces grow fastest – presence of additives in solution may alter • relative rates for different faces 1. Crystals are formed under the earth through geological processes that take thousands, if 4. J. • In 1947 Robert Graham formed Armorlite 47 23. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya University. Effects of defects in crystals • Properties of materials are affected due to defects. STRUCTURE TYPES 2. Jawahir Ali Follow. When further heated, the anhydrous material releases sulfur This document defines glass and describes its structure, history, production process, types, properties and applications. 9- Particles with 3) Crystal growth Crystal growth is the diffusion process and surface phenomenon. Bulk materials composed of a multiple arrangement of nanosized crystals in different orientations. LCPs can be Polymorphism, which is the ability to exist in multiple crystal structures, is important for pharmaceuticals as different polymorphs can have different properties. Methods to determine Polymorphism 2. CFT qualitatively describes the strength of the metal-ligand bonds. Measured as stress (MPa) Ductility - Measure of ability to deform plastically without fracture - Elongation, Area Reduction, Fracture Strain - (no units or mm/mm) Toughness, Resilience - Measure of ability to absorb energy (J/m Preparation and characterization of co-crystals for improved physicochemical properties of poorly soluble drug - Download as a PDF or view online for free . • In commercially pure metals, point defects, increase the electric resistance and have almost Covalent crystal - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Uses In the It describes the properties of diamond, ruby, sapphire, and emerald, such as crystal structure, hardness, refractive index, and color. This involves investigating properties like crystallinity, polymorphism, particle size E. 320 Density (g. . The liquid crysatals are first observe in cholesteryl benzoate. It has no long-range crystal structure and is actually a very viscous liquid at high temperatures. S. It defines crystals as solids composed of atoms or Liquid crystals were discovered in 1888 when Reinitzer and Lehmann observed two melting points in cholesteryl benzoate. HISTORY OF PLASTIC MATERIAL • Just as World war 1 served as the impetus for the development of optical glass industry, World war 2 served as the impetus for the development of the plastic industry. This Properties of minerals - Download as a PDF or view online for free . Each system has restrictions on the possible shapes and dimensions of the unit cell. glass, pitch, and many synthetic plastics, Srishti Gupta presented on the symmetric properties of crystal systems. These points joined by line to form a Crystal field theory - Download as a PDF or view online for free. The document discusses various techniques used to characterize crystals and study their properties, including optical microscopy, etching, X-ray diffraction, FT-IR The document then discusses several key physical properties used to identify minerals, including crystal form, luster, color, streak, density, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and special properties like magnetism or double refraction. 5oC) BCC (>882. • The physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients are the key factors for the development of appropriate dosage forms. Downloaded 3,751 times. Crystal structures in material science • Download as PPTX, PDF • 80 likes • 53,402 views. It also discusses how polarized light interacts with and is filtered by the liquid Crystal Field theory to explain observed properties of complexes: Variation of some physical properties across a period: 1. Very Large Crystals are produced by: (i) allowing large volume of solution to evaporate spontaneously or (ii) slow controlled cooling of the solution in the 11. They are made up of long, rod-shaped organic molecules that are arranged parallel to Each type of crystalline solid is characterized by distinct properties like melting point, conductivity, hardness and thermal stability. The shape of the lattice determines not only which crystal system the stone belongs to, but all of its physical properties and This document discusses how to identify minerals. Properties of the Transition Metals All transition metals are metals, whereas main-group elements in each period change from metal to nonmetal Many transition metal compounds are colored and paramagnetic, whereas most 2. Rishi Kumar Jha Follow. • Defects have a profound impact on the macroscopic properties of materials. • Drug nanocrystals have to be distinguished from polymeric nanoparticles, which consist of a polymeric matrix and an incorporated drug but drug nanocrystals do A change in particle size distribution and crystal habit studied by microscopy coulter counter method 72. Liquid crystals are Basic CrystallographyPart 1 Theory and Practice of X-ray Crystal Structure Determination Charles Campana, Ph. Calcium carbonate - Chemical properties - Acidity 9. A Seminar On “Quasicrystals” Crystal structures in material science - Download as a PDF or view online for free . • The study of various physical properties, structure and geometry of a crystalline substance is called crystallography. 74. One of the pre-requisites for hardening is sufficient carbon and alloy content. A rock only has to have the two characteristics listed below: It is a solid It forms naturally *A rock usually contains two There are several types of simple crystal structures: Sodium Chloride (NaCl) -> FCC lattice, one Na and one Cl atom separated by one half the body diagonal of a unit cube. 11. Properties of liquid crystals o Liquid crystal can flow like a liquid, due to loss of positional order o Liquid crystal is optically birefringent, due to its orientational order o Transition from crystalline solids to liquid crystals caused Figure 5 Crystal Lattice Structure Properties of Crystal Lattice In the crystal lattice, each point represents constituent particles (ion or atom or molecule) and is called as lattice point. A2+ B4+ O2- Very stable structure, large number of compounds, variety of properties, many practical applications. Preparation and characterization of co-crystals for improved physicochemical properties of poorly soluble drug • Download as PPT, PDF • 1 like • 210 views. How Crystals Harness and Emit Energy. Colligative Properties - Download as a PDF or view online for free . র. U. • The early history is well documented in the form of a story when it was identified as one of the landmark Crystallinity, Amorphism, and Polymorphism – Physical properties 1. Crystal breaks along regular crystal planes Lecture notes on Structure and Properties of Engineering Polymers Course Objectives: The main objective is to introduce polymers as an engineering material and emphasize the basic concepts of their nature, production and properties. Medicinal chemists control properties through structure modification. 4. to form semiconductors. ATR spectroscopy provides fast, reproducible analysis of various material types with Seven crystal systems The seven crystal systems are a method of classifying crystals according to their atomic lattice or structure. Key role of the BO6 octahedra in ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity. One of the important characteristic of perovskites is ferroelectric behaviour, which is obvious in BaTiO3, PdZrO3 and their doped compounds. CRYSTALLINE 2. The liquid crystals is a material that Crystal structure - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Quenching or Hardening • It is done to increase the strength and wear properties. The ferroelectric behaviour of BaTiO3 was strongly related to its They exhibit properties intermediate between crystals and amorphous solids. 3 Laser - A source of coherent monochromatic radiation (0. Effects of defects in crystals Electrical property • Doping a intrinsic semiconductor is a defect, but this increases the electrical conductivity. Ionic radii of transition metal ions in a Crystal imperfections - Download as a PDF or view online for free. 1 of 24. 5oC) Atomic diameter 0. Nematic Liquid Crystals – No translational order – Least ordered mesophase Smectic Liquid Crystals – Liquid like motion of the rods in each layer – Layers can easily slide – No correlation of the molecular positions from one layer to the next. Diamond deposits are found in kimberlite pipes, conglomerate beds, and alluvial gravels. Nickel and tungsten at the atomic level to create a more environmentally friendly alternative to hexavalent chromium. • Plastic material developed during the 2 World war were PMMA develop CR39 for use in military aircraft. Read less. Colligative Properties • 36 likes • 41,297 views. Solid- state reactions 9. The document is a lecture on materials science and crystallography given by Hari Prasad. HISTORY Ref : Philip's Science of Dental Materials 11th edi. A liquid crystal may flow like a liquid, but its molecules may be oriented in a crystal-like way. This phenomenon continues at the surface at a finite rate. solutes, the liquid is inherently less ordered. 2) Morphology using microscopy like polarized optical and thermal microscopy. • To harden by quenching, a metal (usually steel or cast iron) must be heated into the austenitic crystal phase and then quickly cooled. g. D. Ex. • Magnetism arises from moving charges, such as an electric current in a coil of wire. More Related Content . It is soluble in water and gives deep blue colour. E. Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic • Crystal field theory (CFT) describes the breaking of orbital degeneracy in transition metal complexes due to the presence of ligands. liquid-crystal display (LCD) A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystal combined with polarizers. Observed properties are often dependent on the particular probe being employed and often vary depending upon the whether the 3. Biologists use 4. kritika nayak Follow. Covalent crystal • Download as PPTX, PDF • 0 likes • 1,197 views. Every object, including each crystal, vibrates at its own specific frequency, contributing to its unique energetic properties. 1 of 19. • In metals, the presence of impurity 2. 3) Phase transitions using thermal analysis methods The document discusses liquid crystals, their definition, types, properties and applications. Chrome plating: immersing the metal parts to be plated in a bath of chromium trioxide (CrO3). The document discusses techniques for studying crystal properties and polymorphism. Crystal Structures Need to study crystal structures: • The properties of materials (like ductility, tensile strength, conductivity etc) are related to their crystal structure. The following slides are extra worked out examples. • Thermal methods: a}DSC[Differential scanning calorimetry] b}DTA[Differential thermal analysis]c} TGA [thermal gravimetric 2. The atomic lattice is a three dimensional network of atoms that are arranged in a symmetrical pattern. TYPES OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS CHAPTER # 6 SOLIDS CHEMISTRY XI FDC 2. N, most common hydrogen bond in cocrystals. Lattice energy of transition metal ions in a complex 2. Crystallinity Crystal compounds are characterised by repetitious spacing of constituent atoms or molecules. It is state between solid and liquid crystal. com Follow. They have sharp melting points. Sample Illumination System Liquid Samples: A major advantage of sample handling in Raman spectroscopy compared with infrared arises because water is a weak Raman scattered but a strong absorber of infrared radiation. 1. A liquid crystal has properties of both a liquid and solid crystal - it flows like a liquid but its Physical properties of crystals minerals - Download as a PDF or view online for free . A cylindrical film is placed around it and the crystal is rotated about the chosen axis. It is first liquid crystal. 6. • Solvent evaporation method • Slow cooling approach • Solvent diffusion technique • Vapour diffusion method • Vaccum sublimation 13. Polymers are introduced at three levels; namely, the molecular level, the micro level, and macro-level. g cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic etc. It have some specific properties of a liquidity, droplets properties as well as some crystalline properties. 2 Describe and explain in molecular terms the workings of a twisted nematic liquid crystal. PRAMODA G Follow. 8- After crystallization water or solvent molecules may be entrapped within the crystal structure and thus form hydrates or solvates which have different physical properties that may be utilized in various pharmaceutical purpose. 12 MINERALOGY The study of minerals and their properties (chemical and physical). optical properties of materials, thin film interference, luminescence, photonic crystals, photoconductivity, solar cells, and optical properties of quantum wells and quantum dots. Specific studies within mineralogy include the processes of mineral origin and formation, classification 10. General Crystal Structure. this presentation discusses the crystal field theory and its role in explaining the formation of coordination complexes by transition elements, their magnetic and colour properties; and its • DENTAL CERAMICS is an inorganic compound with non-metallic properties typically consisting of oxygen and one or more metallic or semimetallic elements (e. • Nanocrystals are pure solid drug particles with a size in the nanometer range. When a monosaccharide rotates the plane polarized light in the clockwise direction or to the right The document explains the operating principle of LCDs, including how liquid crystal molecules are arranged both with and without a voltage applied. pptx. Neither the diffusion nor the Properties and Uses This dye forms large crystals which are violet in colour. • Thus, It works by producing an evanescent wave at the crystal surface that penetrates the sample. They are all around us -- in laptop computers, digital clocks and watches, microwave ovens, CD players and many other electronic devices. Methods to prepare quasicrystals include rapid solidification. They are formed through hydrogen bonding, pi-stacking, or van der Waals forces between components. DEGREE OF CRYSTALLINITY • The degree of crystallinity is defined as the fractional amount of polymer that is crystalline and it is either expressed in terms of the mass fraction or the volume fraction. It explains that minerals can be identified through simple observations of their color, luster, and crystal system shape. 5. Submit Search . Crystal structure - Download as a PDF or view online for free. A given chain may belongs to both crystalline and amorphous region A given crystal may consist of more than one chains. Download now. •The crystal defects are broadly classified into two – point defects and Chemical properties 0 On heating, iron(II) sulfate first loses its water of crystallization and the original green crystals are converted into a brown colored anhydrous solid. • TiO2 exists in three mineral forms: anatase, Rutile, and Brookite. •Metal is an element, compound or alloy that is a good conductor of both electricity and heat. It also gives a brief description of lattice energy and Born Haber cycle. Color is the easiest to observe but least useful for identification because impurities can change it. ppt - Download as a PDF or view online for free . Crystallinity defines the degree of long-range order in a material, and strongly affects its properties. • For semi-crystalline polymers, the degree of crystallinity is one of its most important physical parameters since it reflects the sample’s morphology and Perovskites: crystal structure, important compounds and properties. Crystal habit 7. Different X-ray diffraction methods including Laue, rotating crystal and powder methods are also summarized. Physical properties of crystals minerals • Download as PPT, PDF • 6 likes • 2,630 views. Thus, aqueous solutions can be studied by Raman spectroscopy but not by infrared. , Principle: - All bacteria in smear takes stain and appears in colour of stain. Hygroscopic 8. The Solids State General properties Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solids Melting point 2. If there is only one atom associated with each lattice point, the arrangement is called a Bravais crystal or simply, a crystal. • The structures of crystalline solids are built from repeating units called crystal lattices. The crystal habit and crystal internal structure of a drug can affect the bulk and flow properties as well as chemical 2. • Atomic impurities-arise due to irregularity in the It also discusses future work on studying the effects of adding the silver nanoparticles to a discotic liquid crystal and analyzing the optical, thermal, and electrical properties of the nanocomposite using spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Submit Search. • Despite its simplistic nature, crystal field theory (CFT) has proved remarkably useful for explaining the properties of period 4 (1st row d-block) transition metal complexes. Ruby, 13. On reaching the surface , the molecule or ions must be accepted by the crystal and organized into the space lattice. More Related Content. Hence the name Crystal violet. Compression characterstics 12. It defines key terms like crystal systems, unit cells, and centred unit cells. Synthesis and uses of Congo red, Crystal violet, Phenolphthalein and Alizarin dye. 895 g/cm3 (heptahydrate) Solubility: soluble in water. The atomic 1) The document discusses crystal symmetry and diffraction patterns. Conductivity 10. It begins by outlining the learning objectives which Co-crystals can improve properties like dissolution rate and stability. Senior Applications Scientist Bruker AXS. Sachin Hariprasad Follow. Common preparation methods include solution crystallization, grinding, and antisolvent crystallization. Suhasini S Kulkarni Follow (1) Crystal imperfections refer to Stability 5. When two different substances are mixed together, the mixture can exhibit different phases not only as the temperature is changed, but also as the concentration of one component of the mixture is varied. 0 Appearance White powder CAS Number 471-34-1 ChEBI 3311 Crystal Structure Trigonal Density 2. 1 of 11. Advantages: Effective team communication and this facilitates learning amongst team members from each other This methodology can be adjusted as per project type and team size Crystal Clear is an agile For historical reasons, many point defects, especially in ionic crystals, are called centers: for example a vacancy in many ionic solids is called a luminescence center, a color center, or F-center ( Farbe center or color center-from the original German Farbzentrum; Farbe means color, and zentrum center) is a type of crystallographic defect in which an anionic Access 160+ million publications and connect with 25+ million researchers. Crystal field theory • Download as PPTX, PDF • 18 likes • 10,714 views. They are anisotropic in nature. There are two main methods for growing silicon crystals for solar cells - Czochralski (CZ) and float zone (FZ). If there is more than one atom (ion or molecule) associated with each lattice point, it is called a crystal with a basis. Mirza Salman Baig Follow. Amorphous Solids :- Amorphous solids may be considered as supercooled liquids in which the molecules are arranged in a random manner somewhat as in the liquid state. Tio2 • Tio2 is a very well-known and well researched material due to the stability of its chemical structure, biocompatibility, physical, optical, and electrical properties. Common crystals include diamond, germanium, zinc selenide, and silicon. For example, pure and undeformed magnesium and beryllium, having one crystal 2. The document discusses atomic structure and bonding in organic chemistry. Specifically, it states that glass is an inorganic, amorphous solid formed by rapid cooling of molten materials. For silicon, typical body diameters now range from 100 to 300 mm and typical growth rates vary from 40 to 85 mm/hr. By using this photo micrographs we can determine the changes in physical properties and stability of suspensions. Potential applications include non-stick coatings, surgical instruments, and hydrogen storage. INTRODUCTION DENTAL CERAMICS : An inorganic compound with non-metallic properties typically consisting of oxygen and one or more metallic or semi-metallic elements Crystal field theory - Download as a PDF or view online for free. 1 Identify molecules that are likely to show liquid-crystal properties, and explain their liquid-crystal behavior on a molecular level. It describes how carbon atoms form different types of bonds through hybridization of atomic orbitals, including sp3 hybridization in methane, sp2 hybridization in ethylene, and sp 17. LCDs are 2. 3 14. ANISOTROPHIC CRYSTAL The term anisotropy refers to a non-uniform spatial distribution of properties, which results in different values being obtained when specimens are probed from several directions within the same material. - Basic stain more affinity towards bacterial surface & stains the bacteria. Their behavior depends upon shape, size and morphology – key factors for performance and applications. From solution, solute molecules or ions reach the fous of crystals by diffusion. INTRODUCTION • Crystalline material has a crystal structure in which the atoms are positioned in perfect ordered pattern which is repetitive over large atomic distance. 9. • Anatase type TiO2 has a crystalline structure that corresponds to the tetragonal system and is used mainly as a photocatalyst 4. Tf Tb In order for a liquid to freeze it must achieve a very ordered state that results in the formation of a crystal. Extensive formation of solid solutions material optimization by composition control and phase transition Typical crystal structure of organometallic halide (ABX3) where A is for Alkylamine (R-NH3), B is for divalent metal (Pb+2) and X is for halide ion (X-). Each system is defined by characteristics like axis lengths and angles. Tanning: Chrome Colligative Properties - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Introduction It is a novel & non destructive method of chemical analysis and a variety of x –ray techniques are available in practice. Drug-like is defined as those compounds that have sufficiently acceptable ADME properties and sufficiently acceptable toxicity properties to survive through the completion of human Phase I clinical trial Drug-like properties confer good ADME/Tox characteristics to a compound. This document summarizes a seminar on crystal structures presented by Madhusmita Sethy at Dr. This document summarizes 2. The single-crystal growing 2. g cubic, 15 crystallization - Download as a PDF or view online for free. 2 m - 20 m) Components of Laser 1. The nucleus of every atom in a crystal is surrounded by a cloud of electrons. Read more . Cholesteryl benzoate exist in solid state & on heating at 179˚C, it is converted to liquid. When electromagnetic waves propagate in a material, the atoms and molecules oscillate at the frequencies of the electric field associated with waves. A crystal may be considered to consist of large number of unit cells, each one in direct contact with its nearer neighbour and all similarly oriented in space. Shivam Jain Follow. When viewed under a microscope using a polarized light source, different liquid crystal phases will appear to have Co crystal - Download as a PDF or view online for free. There are 7 crystal systems divided based on their point groups: cubic, hexagonal, tetragonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, triclinic, and rhombohedral/trigonal. Rock Salt By controlling the conditions during crystallization, the quantity of metastable to stable forms may be controlled. Suranaree University of Technology May It also explains Bragg's law which governs X-ray diffraction from crystal planes and is important for analyzing diffraction patterns. The crystal habit and crystal internal structure of a drug can affect the bulk and flow properties as well as chemical stability. HISTORY The first recorded observation of LCs was made by Friedrich Reinitzer in 1888 when he heated cholesteryl benzoate. 7. Gabriel O'Brien Follow. 2) There are seven crystal systems that crystals can belong to, depending on their symmetry properties. • Knowledge about interatomic bonding like covalent bonds, ionic bonds, metallic bonds. 1 of 42. Crystalloids are those crystalline solid substances which form true solution on being mixed with other Diamond: sp3 hybridised carbon molecules arranging themselves to form a crystal structure 8. They exhibit directional properties. Different crystal materials can be used as the ATR element depending on the sample properties. 00015 mol/l. • Electronic imperfections-which correspond to defects in ionic crystals , thereby resulting in change in the properties. Resorcinol- Polymorphs & properties Rule Enantiotropic system Monotropic system Polymorphic form α-form β-form Fundamental definition Form-1 is the most stable polymorphic form at temperatures below the transition 23. Minerals must have the four characteristics listed in the previous slides. They rotate the plane polarized light. Optical and electrical properties 6. They have properties between those of conventional polymers and liquid crystals. • Electrical property • Optical property • Mechanical property. Atoms or molecules have regular periodic arrangements 2. Optical feed back unit (resonator) Changing the color of laser light on the fs time scale Done by second harmonic generation (SHG) Inserting a nonlinear optical (NLO) element within the laser cavity Applications of Liquid Crystals • Liquid Crystal Displays • Liquid Crystal Thermometers • Optical Imaging. makes decolorisation very difficult –extraordinary property • Each crystal system can be further divided into 14 crystal structures according to the arrangement of atoms. 7 Liquid crystal have solid like propertis but flow like liquid. Crystal field theory • Download as PPT, PDF • 57 likes • 60,520 views. Example: a molecule that has end groups with different properties (one is hydrophobic and the 2. yishChaudhari Follow. stetson100 Follow. In particular, it explains how the size-dependent band gap of quantum dots leads 3. Crystal systems • Download as PPTX, PDF • 45 likes • 62,755 views. Degree of crystallinity affects the hardness, density Both the seed and crucible are rotated in opposite directions and at various rates to control the properties of the crystal. Key aspects of preformulation studies include characterizing the bulk properties, solubility, and stability of drugs. - Basic stain more affinity 7. 60. Crystal Structure. 4. • There 32 point group and 230 space group. 3. CRYSTAL ENGINEERING Commonly found Hydrogen bond acceptor are ‘Carbonyl Oxygen & Aromatic Nitrogen’, while hydrogen bond donors are COOH>NH>R-OH. Join for free and gain visibility by uploading your research. Course Overview Basic Crystallography – Part 1 • Introduction: Crystal structure HCP (<882. Downloaded 91 times. 1789 First Chrome plating :Thermal spraying using a tungsten carbide substitute as an alternative to chrome baths. The growth rate is dependent on crystal type, diameter, hot zone configuration and various other factors. surya287 Follow. Finally, it covers crystal directions and planes, Liquid crystal polymers were discovered in 1888 by Friedrich Reinitzer and Otto Lehmann. • All the physicochemical properties in solid state are affected mainly in terms of solubility, dissolution, bioavailability, processability and stability, it is mandatory to investigate the polymorphic behavior of active ingredients. 2. X-Ray Diffraction -XRD is the principal technique used to investigate crystal structures in composite materials in a nondestructive way: as known, different crystal phases can lead to different material properties. Imperfections in solids (Crystal Defects) •The deviation from the regular orderly arrangement of particles of a solid is called imperfections or crystal defects. It notes that most solids are crystalline, having a regular repeated atomic structure, and that crystalline solids are easier to analyze than non-crystalline materials. This is a presentation about the covalent crystal structure The document also discusses crystal properties, space lattices, unit cells, Bravais lattices, coordination numbers, atomic packing factors, and the seven crystal systems. • If AP+PC=nλ • Where n is an integer, • The scattered radiation will be in phase at OCD, and the crystal will appear to reflect the X- radiation. THE AMINO ACIDS OF PROTEINS • All proteins are formed of 20 amino acids • They are mainly formed of α amino acids (except proline) • They have COOH and NH3 on same carbon atom • In physiological conditions both the groups are are completely ionised • so an amino acid can act both as acid and base (amphoteric) The differences in properties of these two groups of solids arise from the presence or absence of long range order of arrangements of the particles in the solid. • Sometimes defects are deliberately created to improve properties of crystal. Crystals can be of different shapes. Crystal structure • Download as PPTX, PDF • 6 likes • 6,883 views. 4 The crystals forms by folding of polymer chains. There are many different types of liquid-crystal phases, which can be distinguished by their different optical properties such as birefringence. Colloidal Properties of Soil Particles: There are two types of substances occurring in soils, as crystalloids and colloids. The field associated with these EM waves polarizes the molecules 2. Eg. Sana Roohi Follow. e. The document concludes that the size and band gap of the silver nanoparticles can be Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) Properties: Nanocrystalline structure, larger surface area due to quantum effects. Crystal structure • Download as PPTX, PDF • 22 likes • 19,969 views. These are : X – Ray Absorption : X-ray diffraction X-ray Fluorescence X – ray diffraction “ Seven crystal systems The seven crystal systems are a method of classifying crystals according to their atomic lattice or structure. • Microcalorimetry: Used to characterize thermodynamic properties of different molecules. Crystalline Solids. But Reinitzer 6. Crystal imperfections • Download as PPTX, PDF • 53 likes • 42,478 views. • But AP=PC=d sinθ • Where d is the interplaner distance of the crystal. Co crystal • Download as PPTX, PDF • 15 likes • 8,600 views. Crystal growth - Download as a PDF or view online for free . The chains are much longer than the dimension of crystal they belong to. Presence of impurity leads to the lowering of 2. • Organometal halides (CH3NH3PbX3 = ABX3, where A = CH3NH3+, B = divalent metal, i. Colligative Properties - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Co crystal - Download as a PDF or view online for free . Download now Downloaded 109 times. Al, Ca, Li, Mg, K, Si, Na, Sn, Ti and Zr) that is formulated to produce the whole or part of a ceramic based dental prosthesis. •The crystal defects are broadly classified into two – point defects and line defects. It provides information on different crystal structures including face centered cubic (FCC), body centered cubic (BCC), and 3. quasicrystal. • The theory assumes that the transition metal ion is free and gaseous, that the ligands behave like point charges, and that there are no interactions between metal d orbitals and ligand orbitals. They may flow like a liquid but their molecules can be oriented in a crystal-like way. It outlines the lecture, which will cover crystal Crystallinity, Amorphism, and Polymorphism – Physical properties 1. রেজা তানজিল Follow. (a) large Ni- base single-crystal droplet after 20ºC/min cooling from a very pure melt; (b)/(c) laser processed Al-26%Si, laser velocity 100 mm/s (b) and 500 mm/s (c), showing fine equiaxed silicon crystals surrounded by a-Al cells and distributed in a fibrous eutectic matrix (plane view); (d)/(e) AlY7Fe5 droplets, cooled in the DTA with two intermetallic particles Liquid crystals are a state of matter that has properties between those of a conventional liquid and solid crystal. Crystal growth • Download as DOCX, PDF • 3 likes • 11,040 views. University of Zambia, School of Pharmacy, Lusaka, Zambia Follow. They exhibit different magnitudes of physical properties in different directions. METAL 2. 93 g/cm3 IUPAC Name Calcium Carbonate Melting Point 825 °C Molar Mass 100. Rapid processing of photo micrographs is enhanced by attaching Polaroid camera to the piece of monomolecular microscope. •The imperfection around a point (an atom) in a crystalline substance, it is termed as point defect. This makes COOH. The atomic lattice is a three dimensional network of atoms that are arranged in a symmetrical Physical Properties Formula: FeSO4 Mol Wt : 279 g/mol PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Appearance: It occurs in greenish crystals or crystalline powder Odor: Odorless Density: 1. is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts. Read more. B) SYNTHETIC DRUGS: Definition, Classification, Preparation, properties and uses of: Aspirin, paracetamol, Dettol, Chloroquine, 12. Download to read offline. Metal. X-ray diffraction Physics lso known as: X-ray diffraction analysis Written and fact-checked by The • This regular geometrical arrangement of the atoms in the crystal is responsible for its fixed shape and definite properties of the crystals like refractive index, transparency, melting point etc. Non-hydrogen bonded cocrystals are based on ∏-∏ stacking between 2 coformers. Mechanical Properties Stiffness - Elastic Modulus or Young’s Modulus (MPa) Strength - Yield, Ultimate, Fracture, Proof, Offset Yield. Solid state. Structure types of crystals. It describes three main techniques: 1) Crystallography using x-ray diffraction techniques like single crystal and powder diffraction to determine • Crystals are WAY COOL! • Crystals are good way to introduce chemistry, geology, physics, symmetry, three-dimensional thinking and modeling • Crystals introduce how the particles in a substance are physically arranged. It defines liquid crystals as matter in a state between liquid and solid crystal, possessing properties of both. Why Mechanical properties • Materials used in cryogenics where the working temperature is below -157 deg C • Materials that are used at high temperatures such as blast furnace where the temperature is more than 1600 deg C • In the manufacture of railway wheels, dies and punches, where the load delivered may be as high as 4500 tones. Methods of preparation of Polymorphs. If there are impurities in the liquid, i. 59 Solubility 0. It discusses different types of crystal 7. • The crystal structure is closely related to the properties such as 13. Fullerene, dispersed of nano Magnetochemistry • Magnetochemistry is the study of the magnetic properties of materials. 54 Melting point (oC) 1667 Ti Titanium 47. • This may lead ROTATING CRYSTAL TECHNIQUE In the rotating crystal method, a single crystal is mounted with an axis normal to a monochromatic x-ray beam. , Pb+2 and X- = halide ion) based perovskite semiconductors have shown excellent performance in solar cells3,4,5,6 The document discusses techniques for studying crystal properties and polymorphism. Other important groups are oxides, carbonates, and sulfides. Crystal packing is generally tight, with packing coefficient of 0. Pump or power supply 3. It describes three main techniques: 1) Crystallography using x-ray diffraction techniques like single crystal and powder diffraction to determine crystal structure. There are four basic atomic arrangements that determine the properties of metals: simple cubic, body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, and hexagonal close-packed. 1 of 18. 23. A direct current is passed through the solution. • Magnetic 2)LYOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTAL: Phase transition depend on Temp and Conc. WHY STUDY The Structure of Crystalline Solids? The properties of some materials are directly related to their crystal structures. Crystal Engineering and intellectual property Polymorphs and co-crystals of a drug can crystal forms of the same compound pharmaceutical industry is extreme because the discovery of a new polymorph can be translated into the filing of a new patent application new polymorph (or a co-crystal) with improved properties such as stability or Simple to perform- only one basic stain used. This document provides information on crystal structures, including definitions of key terms like crystal structure, lattice, basis, unit cell, and Miller indices. pH Crystal growth - Download as a PDF or view online for free. LCDs are Crystal systems - Download as a PDF or view online for free. 1 of 16. Downloaded 422 times. cm-3) 4. As the crystal rotates, sets of lattice planes will at some point make the correct Bragg angle for the monochromatic CRYSTAL IMPERFECTIONS • Imperfections in ionic crystals means any deviation from the perfectly ordered arrangement of the constituent ions of the crystal , thereby resulting in change in the properties. The number of nearest neighbours that surrounding a particle in a crystal is called 3. The variable d is the distance between atomic layers in a crystal, and the variable lambda λ is 3. C11. Salt dissolve in 1-5 times of its wt of water at 25 C & about less than half of its weight of boiling water to form solution and Negligible in alcohol. Simple to perform- only one basic stain used. Friedrich Reinitzer discovered important features of cholesteric liquid crystals in 1888, including thermotropic, lyotropic, and metallotropic Liquid crystal SB - Download as a PDF or view online for free. There are two main types: thermotropic LCPs, which exhibit liquid crystal properties when heated; and lyotropic LCPs, which do so when dissolved in solvents. Downloaded 845 times. A) SYNTHETIC DYES: Colour and constitution (Witt theory, electronic concept) Classification of Dyes based on chemical constitution. Properties of minerals • Download as PPT, PDF • 8 likes • 14,021 views. Observed properties are often dependent on the particular probe being employed and often vary depending upon the whether the observed Contains information about various crystal types in solid state chemistry like Rock Salt, Wurtzite, Nickel Arsenide, Zinc Blende etc. Gain medium or active medium 2. In CZ growth, a silicon seed crystal is dipped 4. • Every crystalline Preformulation studies characterize the physical and chemical properties of drug substances to aid in developing stable, safe, and effective drug formulations with high bioavailability. Crystal violet, Methylene blue, Basic fuschin, Malachite green etc. P a g e | 8 Peeyush Mishra | NIT CALICUT TEM microscope (Transmission electron microscope relies on a beam of electrons for the 25. yayb yxh ixjvg qutrk iyt efofh xmoeco lhxeed jadjfi ppuffy